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A new edition of

Electrical Apparatus and Hazardous Areas

(Published 2007)

This book gives full information of both electrical and non-electrical hazardous area technology

and covers terminology, equipment marking, ATEX, DSEAR, Area Classification, Types of Protection etc.

Click here for details

 

Hazardous areas are defined by three main criteria:
  • The type of hazard
  • The likelihood of the hazard being present in flammable concentrations
  • The (auto) ignition temperature of the hazardous material
The type of hazard (Groups)

The hazard will be in the form of a gas, vapour, dust or fibre.

Gases and Vapours

Gases and vapours are categorized in terms of their ignition energy or the maximum experimental safe gap (in respect of flameproof protection).  This categorization leads to the Gas Groups:

 

Mining Surface Industry
Group I Group II
Methane IIA IIB IIC
Propane Ethylene Hydrogen

 

(The gases noted in the table are typical gases for each group.)

Group IIC is the most severe group.  Hazards in this group can be ignited very easily indeed.

 

Dusts and Fibres  (Group III)

Dusts and fibres are also defined in terms of their ignition properties including dust cloud ignition properties.

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The likelihood of the hazard being present in flammable concentrations (Zones)

The likelihood of the hazard being present in flammable concentrations will vary from place to place.  A location very close to an open source of hazard will have a high likelihood of a flammable atmosphere.  On the other hand, outside a flanged pipe containing a flammable liquid, the likelihood of a flammable atmosphere being present is much lower since it will only occur if the flange leaks.  Rather than work with an infinite range of possibilities, three zones are defined.

 

Gases and Vapours

There are three zones for gases and vapours:

 

Zone 0 Flammable atmosphere highly likely to be present - may be present for long periods or even continuously
Zone 1 Flammable atmosphere possible but unlikely to be present for long periods
Zone 2 Flammable atmosphere unlikely to be present except for short periods of time - typically as a result of a process fault condition.

 

Zone zero is the most severe zone (the highest probability of flammable atmosphere presence).  Equipment for this zone needs to be very well protected against providing a source of ignition.
 

Dusts

There are three zones for dusts:

 

Zone 20 Dust cloud likely to be present continuously or for long periods
Zone 21 Dust cloud likely to be present occasionally in normal operation
Zone 22 Dust cloud unlikely to occur in normal operation, but if it does, will only exist for a short period
 

(The presence of dust layers does not automatically lead to the dust zone.  The likelihood of the dust layer being disturbed to create a cloud needs to be considered.  Dust layers also need careful consideration in terms of ignition temperature.  Because the dust layer can make the equipment under it hotter then normal, a factor of safety is applied to the layer ignition temperature.)

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The (auto) ignition temperature of the hazardous material (Temperature Classes)

As well as considering the protection against electrical arcs and sparks igniting a flammable atmosphere, consideration needs to be given to the surface temperature of equipment.  (Most electrical apparatus dissipates some heat!)  Flammable materials are categorized according to their ignition temperature.  Again, rather than work with an infinite range, six temperature classes are defined as follows:

 

 

T-Class Hazards which will not ignite at temperatures below:
T1 450°C
T2 300°C
T3 200°C
T4 135°C
T5 100°C
T6 85°C

 

The bigger the T-number the lower is the ignition temperature of the hazard.  So equipment to be installed in hazardous areas where the hazard has temperature class T5 or T6 must be ensured not to get hot.  Electrical equipment is marked with a T-Class.  The T-Class on the equipment states that the equipment will not provide an ignition capable surface hotter than the temperature represented by the stated T-Class.  For equipment in hazardous areas, the bigger the T-Number on the equipment the less hot it will get.

 

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Protecting Electrical Apparatus to make it suitable for use in hazardous areas

Electrical apparatus for use in hazardous areas needs to be designed and constructed in such a way that it will not provide a source of ignition.  There are ten recognized types of protection for hazardous area electrical apparatus. Each type of protection achieves its safety from ignition in different ways and not all are equally safe.  In addition to the equipment being suitable for the Gas Group and the Temperature Class required, the type of protection must be suitable for the zone in which it is to be installed.  The different types of protection and the zones for which they are suitable are as follows:

 

 

Equipment Code Description Suitable for zones...
Ex ia Intrinsic safety 'ia' 0, 1, 2
Ex ib Intrinsic safety 'ib' 1,2
Ex ic Intrinsic Safety 'ic' 2
Ex d Flameproof protection 1,2
Ex p Purge/pressurized protection 1,2
Ex px Purge/pressurized protection 'px' 1,2
Ex py Purge/pressurized protection 'py' 1,2
Ex pz Purge/pressurized protection 'pz' 2
Ex e Increased safety 1,2
Ex m Encapsulation 1,2
Ex ma Encapsulation 0,1,2
Ex mb Encapsulation 1.2
Ex o Oil immersion 1,2
Ex q Sand / powder (quartz) filling 1,2
Ex n Type - n protection 2
Ex s Special protection Normally 1 and 2

 

Equipment complying with European (CENELEC) standards will bear the code EEx..   

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Equipment Protection Levels - EPL
From 2007 onwards, the IEC Technical Standards in the series IEC 60079, and in particular IEC 60079 Part 14, have recognised that there may be occasions where it is necessary to increase, above the normal levels, the protection against ignition sources. This concept allows for consideration of risk (ie consequences of an explosion) as opposed to just the probability of a flammable atmosphere existing - the conventional selection criteria between the types of protection and the zone of use.

Three Equipment Protection Levels are specified as shown in the table below.

In normal circumstances the effect of these EPLs will be to retain the normal zone/equipment protection relationship. If, however, the risk is considered especially severe, then the required EPL for the zone may be increased.  Similarly, if the risk is deemed to be especially small or negligible, the EPL may be reduced from the norm.

The following two tables show the normal relationship between EPL and zone, and the EPL awarded to each type of protection.

 

Equipment Protection Level (EPL) Normal Applicable Zone(s)
Ga 0 (and 1 and 2)
Gb 1 (and 2)
Gc 2

 

Equipment Code Description EPL
Ex ia Intrinsic safety 'ia' Ga
Ex ib Intrinsic safety 'ib' Gb
Ex ic Intrinsic Safety 'ic' Gc
Ex d Flameproof protection Gb
Ex p Purge/pressurized protection Gb
Ex px Purge/pressurized protection 'px' Gb
Ex py Purge/pressurized protection 'py' Gb
Ex pz Purge/pressurized protection 'pz' Gc
Ex e Increased safety Gb
Ex m Encapsulation Gb
Ex ma Encapsulation Ga
Ex mb Encapsulation Gb
Ex o Oil immersion Gb
Ex q Sand / powder (quartz) filling Gb
Ex n Type - n protection Gc
Ex s Special protection Refer to equipment marking and documentation

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Standards

There are various standards which give details of hazardous area requirements.  In the main, the IEC standards are now parallel voted by CENELEC (Europe).

Top level standard

EN1127-1    Explosive atmospheres: Explosion prevention and protection.  Part 1: Basic concepts and methodology

 

 

Standards for Equipment

 

 IEC 60079-      ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR EXPLOSIVE GAS ATMOSPHERES

 

Part 0       General requirements

Part 1       Construction and test of flameproof enclosures of electrical apparatus

Part 2       Electrical apparatus - type of protection ‘p’

Part 3       Spark test apparatus for intrinsically safe circuits

Part 4       Method of test for ignition temperature

Part 5       Powder filling ‘q’

Part 6       Oil-immersion ‘o’

Part 7       Increased safety ‘e'

Part 11     Construction and test of intrinsically safe and associated apparatus

Part 15     Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres, type of protection ‘n’

Part 18     Encapsulation ‘m’

Part 25     Intrinsically safe systems

Part 26     Special requirements for construction test and marking of zone 0 electrical apparatus

Part 27     Fieldbus intrinsically safe concept (FISCO)

 

Standards for Installation etc. (gases and vapours)

 

 IEC 60079-      ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR EXPLOSIVE GAS ATMOSPHERES

 

Part 10    Classification of hazardous areas

Part 14    Installation (and selection) of equipment in hazardous areas

Part 17    Inspection and maintenance of equipment

 

Standards for Dust Hazard Equipment and Installation

IEC 61241        ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR USE IN THE PRESENCE OF COMBUSTIBLE DUST

Part 0       General Requirements

Part 1       Protection by enclosure ‘tD’

Part 2-1     Methods for determining the minimum ignition temperature of dusts

Part 2-2     Method for determining the resistivity of dust in layers

Part 2-3     Method for determining minimum ignition energy of dust air mixtures

Part 4       Type of protection ‘pD’

Part 10     Classification of areas where combustible dusts are or may be present

Part 11     Protection by intrinsic safety ‘iD’

Part 14     Selection and installation

Part 17     Inspection and maintenance

Part 18     Protection by encapsulation ‘mD’

 

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ATEX Directives

 

 

For detailed information on ATEX, please navigate to the ATEX pages on this web site

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© Hexagon Technology Limited, 2007